The hird, in Scandinavian history, was originally an informal retinue of personal armed companions, hirdmen or housecarls, but came to mean not only the nucleus ('Guards') of the royal army, but also developed into a more formal royal court household. Welcome to Hiroboy, we are a UK model shop specializing in Model Car and Bike Kits, Decals, Transkits, Photoetched Parts, Paints and General Accessories.

Whimsical Illustrations by Nicole Hiroshige - Hiro Illustrations. 11” x 15” watercolor on Arches Hot press watercolor paper. Geometric pattern on the original is metallic gold paint. Music video by Hiro performing Your Innocence. (C) 2002 TOY'S FACTORY, a division of TOY'S FACTORY INC. In 2013, Hattiesburg, MS was devastated by an EF4 tornado. In studying the event, it became clear that while disaster response communications with the public had improved with social media, more could be done.

The hird, in Scandinavian history, was originally an informal retinue of personal armed companions,^[1] hirdmen or housecarls, but came to mean not only the nucleus ('Guards') of the royal army, but also developed into a more formal royal court household.^[2]

Etymology[edit]

The term comes from Old Norsehirð, again from either Old Englishhir(e)d 'household, family, retinue, court'^[3] or perhaps the old German cognate heirat 'marriage', both of which can mean 'body of men' or more directly linked to the term for hearthguard, or men of one's own home and hearth.

History[edit]

While the term is often used in Norse sagas and law codices, it is a medieval term – the sagas were primarily written down in the 12th century using the language of their own time. There is some uncertainty as to what the term replaced, although the term hlid or lið^[a] is used in Danish sources for the warrior following of Canute the Great.^[5]

By the reign of Håkon IV (1204–1263) the Norwegian hird was no longer exclusively focused on the military function, and had acquired several subdivisions on continental patterns, with squires (kertilsveinr, literally 'candle-men', which were ceremonially required to hold candles at hird ceremonies), men-at-arms (hirdmenn) and knights (skutilsveinr, literally 'table-men'). In addition there were low-born gestir, who received only half pay and served as a sort of intelligence service, and were not allowed to sit at the king's table for supper, apart from Christmas day and Easter day, when the entire hird was assembled and sections of their law code, the Hirdskraa was read or recited. The upper levels of the hird were a recruitment ground for numerous royal officials, and most external officials were also incorporated into the hird. Somewhere during the reign of Magnus VI the older laws of the Hird were incorporated into the Hirdskraa law code.During the reign of Håkon V (1299–1319) the Norse titles were dropped entirely in favor of continental titles. Emphasis was put on the Norwegian king's hird as a community of equals, a chivalresque corporation of warriors in which, technically, the king was the first among equals.

Hirdman[edit]

Hirdman (plural Hirdmen) is a word in Scandinavian languages (notably Norwegian and Swedish), literally for a member of a Hird 'household, family'.

It is used as a title, originally, even in Norse mythology, for informal companions or retainers of the powerful, in the unruly old (often still pagan) times especially as companions in arms, later more refined like courtiers, a development not unlike that of the thegn or the Roman comes.

When the Norwegian royal hird had developed into a formal court, hirdman became the title of the highest of its four ranks, those magnates who were allowed to seat in the royal council (the closest feudal equivalent of a cabinet) and thus had a say in governmental and other important matters.

Under the rule of Nazi collaborator Vidkun Quisling, the word was again used in Norway in its original sense of 'warriors', as troops. See Hird (Nazi).

Hiro Beyond Imprinted Products

Notes[edit]

^ The name lið or lithsmen is an ambiguous term which is thought to mean 'sailor' in Anglo-Saxon, but seems to mean 'warrior' in the Danish literature. However they were undoubtedly some form of standing mercenary force.^[4]

Hiro Beyond Imprinted Shower Curtains

References[edit]

^For this Germanic tradition the German generic term Gefolgschaft 'body of followers' is also used in modern literature; it was even adopted by powerful Romans in the late empire, by such Latin names as bucellarii or the more common comitatus.
^Gjerset, Knut (1915). History of the Norwegian People. 1. The MacMillan Company.
^See for instance, 'hirð' in Cleasby-Vigfusson, Icelandic-English Dictionary, online copy
^Hollister, C. Warren (1962). Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 16–17.
^Lavelle, Ryan (2010). Alfred's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel press. p. 155. ISBN978-1-84383-569-1.

Hiro Beyond Imprinted Fabric

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hird&oldid=984046405'

Hirobo Electric Corporation (ヒロボー株式会社, Hirobō kabushiki-gaisha) is a JapaneseRC model company best known for their line of high-quality radio controlled helicopter models, both glow fuel powered (also referred to as nitro powered) and more recently, electric powered. Its parent company is Hirobo Limited.

The company was founded October, 1949 as textile machine manufacturer Hiroshima Spinner, Limited. In 1957, the company partnered with Nichibo Company to form Hiroshima Synthetic Fiber Spinners Limited, today known as Unitika Limited. The name change to Hirobo Limited came about in 1970; the electronics division was established in April, 1973. Production of radio controlled models began in July that same year. By October, 1977, the company had completely withdrawn from the textile market.

Hiro Beyond Imprinted Clothing

In 1983, Hirobo attempted to put their expertise in helicopters to use in the production of 1/10-scale, four-wheel-drive offroad buggies. Beginning with their innovative 44b off-road car, which was the first to feature a four wheel drive system.The results were the technologically advanced Alien Mid4, Jealousy and Invader, and not forgetting the Ashura, the only belt-drive 4wd 1/12 circuit car ever produced. All featured a 4x4 system operated via a Gilmer belt, an innovation nearly unheard of at the time; most 4x4 cars of the period used a noisy, power-robbing metal chain to transfer power to the front wheels. Despite their advances, Hirobo cars were very expensive and therefore limited their exposure to racers. They were also often plagued with poor build qualities and the use of cheap materials, the other factor of their failing are, distribution in the important North American market was weak as well, all that leading to Hirobo's withdrawal from the RC car market.^[1]

Hirobeyond Imprinted